Thus the concept of party nationalization hardly exists, and party fragmentation could be the default of the party system at local politics in Indonesia for years to come. The Bachelor of International Studies/Laws is six years full-time and provides two qualifications sought by the local and global industries. This article argues that this diversity has been driven partly by the strong influence of ethnic and geographical dispersion, making it hard for major parties to preside over local politics. Additionally, given that major parties often perform unevenly across district elections, the nature of party competition at local politics has greatly diverged from that of the national arena. Yet the latter method has been more favorable for small parties due to its deeper bent toward the disproportionality of votes. Description: The International Studies Review (ISR) is a journal of the International Studies Association.It provides a window on current trends and research in international studies worldwide. This article shows that Indonesia’s methods for allocating seats, the Hare and Sainte-Laguë methods, have been relatively benign in creating party fragmentation. Using district-level elections, this article recognizes the weight of existing perspectives, but posits the need to empirically assess the effect of certain seat apportionment methods in the proportional representation system-a much under-explored argument within the literature. Abstract While predominant views within party fragmentation literature suggest the importance of the sociological and institutional hypothesis, the Indonesian case provides a new perspective on the issue at hand.
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